---
title: "Formation and evolution"
id: "formation-and-evolution-1"
project: "Deep Space Exploration Project Publication2"
url: "https://hedronlabs.clickhelp.co/articles/deep-space-exploration-project-publication2/formation-and-evolution-1"
updated: 2023-08-24T16:48:36Z
---

# Formation and evolution

##  Formation and evolution
 
Given the bizarre character of black holes, it was long questioned whether such objects could actually exist in nature or whether they were merely pathological solutions to Einstein's equations. Einstein himself wrongly thought black holes would not form, because he held that the angular momentum of collapsing particles would stabilize their motion at some radius. This led the general relativity community to dismiss all results to the contrary for many years. However, a minority of relativists continued to contend that black holes were physical objects, and by the end of the 1960s, they had persuaded the majority of researchers in the field that there is no obstacle to the formation of an event horizon.

![](/resources/Storage/deep-space-exploration-project-publication2/Imported/formation-and-evolution/img00011.png)

Penrose demonstrated that once an event horizon forms, general relativity without quantum mechanics requires that a singularity will form within. Shortly afterwards, Hawking showed that many cosmological solutions that describe the [Big Bang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang) have singularities without [scalar fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field) or other [exotic matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_matter).^[^[^clarification needed^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)^]^ The [Kerr solution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_solution), the no-hair theorem, and the laws of black hole thermodynamics showed that the physical properties of black holes were simple and comprehensible, making them respectable subjects for research. Conventional black holes are formed by [gravitational collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_collapse) of heavy objects such as stars, but they can also in theory be formed by other processes.